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\ GEOGRAPHY 



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SARATOGA COUNTY 



State of New YorK 



ADELBERT A. LAVERY, A. M., 

S • j p *= ■ v - -. i n g Principal >•>/ 
BALLSTOM SF>A SCHOOL'S 



1905 






LIBRARY of CONGRESS 
Two Copies Received 

FEB 7 '906 

r\ Copyright Entry 

Aj&c.irt, tqoS 

CLASS Os ' XXc No. 
' ' COPY B. 



Copyright 1905 by 
Adelbert A. Lavery, A. M, 



PREFACE 



? 



N" the 

ild be m 

■ ■ ess oi 

vironn 

..id conducts nuix 

■ - 
ship. V 
surrounding commt 

iths, 
expands 1 - 

iish entht - En§ 

elop from child 
wt by the rah 
■ - ■ ave a 

stanc . at he does 

raozo. The lattei 
I 
[Jpon the f oregoini " ame 

t 
- 

bnral steppinf - 

- re ant 
_:_. tej ----■-■■. ■ I - e . ' ■•■•■ 

- 

ete, si ate s 

he real to th< 
a with 1 i 



rocks, minerals, trees, flowers, and especially the industries should be 
a subject of individual investigation by each pupil. Not told by the 
teacher to be repeated by the pupil. 

The excuse for this publication is the needs of the pupils of Saratoga 
County. 

In the preparation of this work we acknowledge the aid of the Prin- 
cipals of the schools, from whose experience many valuable sugges- 
tions have been given. 

Respectfully, 

The Author. 






TOPOGRAPHY 



r \ BE v. -face of Saratoga ( . 

——i v, wmtain. Along the Hudson 

*^«^J rising from an altitude of aboi 
f the 14 - to about s:x bun<] i 

« of Hadley. This valley is bordered or fcl - e ' 
from forty to t id feet buj Back fi 

running fceiiy from about South Glens Falls to the Mol 

river in Clifton Park, lie 

six towns: Moreau, Wilton, IS ind, Saratoga & 

and Clifton Park and parts of ot 

The :an?e.s of the Adirondack mountains 

the county. The Palme \ lamefrom 

lageai . - . - 

ig Park, t 
and be .f Lake Georf i Sug ' 

The :.'-- : ■ 

named fron - - the foot 

. ■ 

■ 
Tja.T a eyintc Warren sountj 

Point. 3 a 

fcber- 
i or Edin trarghandl 
- 

E entei the 
telong to the X a the 

- tin in the 1 

of Hadlej - ' eL 

SI 
■ 

I .- te Tear of the < 

I 
the E sjes to Spier 

• Pal v. earl 
Port 1? " - ' Ehe 

Atianl 



The Mohawk river — Te-uge-ga of the Indians — rises north of Oneida 
Lake in the Adirondacks and runs southeasterly into the Hudson at 
Cohoes, and forms most of the southern boundary of the county. Be- 
sides its natural beauty the falls at Cohoes, — Ga-ha-oose, or the falls 
of the wrecked canoe of the Indians — furnishes splendid water power. 
Another important stream is the Sacandaga, which rises among the 
Adirondack mountains in Fulton county and enters the county in the 
extreme northwest corner of the town of Providence, and runs thence 
northeasterly into the Hudson river. The name means in the Indian 
language, the river of the sunken lands, from the meadows or dutch 
vlaie, later vey, thru which it runs for "about twenty miles in the 
valley between the Kayaderosseras and Palmertown ranges before en- 
tering the Hudson. This vlaie was long a favorite hunting ground, 
and here Sir William Johnson had his favorite hunting lodges. The 
Fish House still exists in the village of that name. The only large 
stream lying wholly in the county is the Kayaderosseras — named from 
the Indian hunting grounds bordering it. the hunting grounds of the 
crooked river — which rises in the Kayaderossei^as mountains in Corinth 
and Greenfield and runs thence southerly in the valley of the same 
name to Ballston Spa, thence easterly into Saratoga Lake. From there, 
as Fish Kill, it runs northeasterly into the Hudson river at Schuyler- 
ville. 

There are but few lakes in the county. Saratoga being the largest, 
Round Lake — Ta-nen-da-ho-ra of the Indians, Ballston Lake, — Sha-nen- 
da-ho-ra, of the Indians, and Lake Desolation so named from its ap- 
pearance. 

The Champlain canal with its barges and tows has taken the place of 
the Indian canal and the log rafts of the early settlers. A ride may 
be had on it from Whitehall at the head of Lake Champlain to Fort 
Edward ; thence down the east bank of the Hudson river to near the 
southeast corner of Northumberland where it crosses the Hudson and 
follows the west bank down to Waterford and Albany. What would 
the boats likely be loaded with going south f Going north ? And in 
the place of the Mohawk we can now travel on the Erie canal from 
Albany thru Albany county to Crescent where it crosses the Mohawk 
to its north bank and runs along its banks to Rexford Flats where it 
leaves this county, but we may go to Schenectady and on west to Buf- 
falo and Lake Erie. Tell what the boats would likely be loaded with 
going either^way. 

We may also travel by railroad from Albany to Waterford, Mechan- 
icville, Round Lake, Ballston Spa, Saratoga Springs and Gansevoort to 
Glens Falls, Montreal, etc. Also from Schenectady to Ballston Spa on 
the Delaware and Hudson railroad. From Saratoga Springs we may go 
to Schuylerville, or Mechanicville on the Fitchburg railroad. What 
would they carry besides passengers ? And where would they get their 



loads ~i Other pleasant trips thru the county may be made on the 
Hudson Valley electric road from Saratoga Springs north to YTilton, 
Fortsville, passing Mt. McGregor and to South Glens Falls. Or from 
Saratoga Springs on the Hudson Valley road to Ballston Spa, Round 
Lake. Mechanicville, TVaterford and Troy. From Ballston Spa we may 
take the Schenectady electric car and go to Schenectady, and from the 
same place the electric car for a pleasant ride up the Kayaderosseras 
valley to Middle Grove. Tell what of interest you would see on such 
journeys. 



^sn 



HISTORY 

JS/ 

SHE County of Saratoga lies between latitudes 42 c 47' and 43' 22' 
north and longitude 74° west from Greenwich, being about 
forty-three miles north and south in its longest part, while its 
greatest width is about twenty-three miles east and west, containing 
eight hundred and sixty-two square miles, or five hundred and fifty-one 
thousand, six hundred and eighty acres. 

Many years ago it was a part of Albany County, but on February 7, 
1791, they named all the land north of the Mohawk, and now included 
in the County, Saratoga, with four towns : Ballston, Half-Moon, Sara- 
toga and Stillwater. 

From Xew York almost to Montreal and the St. Lawrence river 
there is a remarkable depression between the mountains and thru this 
runs almost a continuous waterway, while for miles either side are 
high mountains. From Albany, west to Lakes Erie and Ontario is an- 
other similar fold or depression and waterway. In fact it is the only 
natural passage across the mountains until you reach Georgia on the 
south and the St. Lawrence river on the north. So naturally all of the 
Indians went thru these valleys on their journeys, and when the white 
men came they paddled their canoes over the same waters to trade with 
the Indians. Located in one angle formed by the meeting of these two 
great lines of travel lies our county. Find these lines of travel. In its 
eastern part was one of the five great beaver hunting grounds of the 
Iroquois Indians who lived along the Mohawk river on this line of 
travel to Lake Erie. Besides this the vallev of the Kavaderosseras was 



a favorite place for deer, and the Sacandaga river and valley for fish 
and deer. So you see the Indians were very fond of it. Those from the 
St. Lawrence valley — the Algouquins and the Iroquois (locate them)— 
were enemies and often fought over this hunting ground. 

Now we will go with one of these parties which has come down the 
Mohawk to the mouth of Alphlats — or Eel Place Creek — so named 
from the numher of eels found there. Their canoes were made from 
white birch bark, bound over a frame and held together by strips of deer 
skin, and made water tight by filling the holes with spmce gum. Each 
Indian wore moccasins, had a blanket, hatchet, knife, bow and arrows, 
and a spear for spearing fish. After paddling up this stream as far as 
they could they would carry their canoes to Ballston Lake, then down 
this and its outlet to about East Line, when they would carry their 
canoes again and this time to the Mourning Kill. (See Galway.) Then 
they could paddle all the way to Saratoga Lake, thru Fish Kill to the 
Hudson river, where they could hunt, or by going farther north could 
find their enemies. Sometimes they went down the Mohawk to just 
below Crescent, in the town of Halfmoon, and from here carry their 
canoes to the Hudson. Many times they went afoot from about Schen- 
ectady, up along Middle Line road to Milton Centre. From here they 
went northwesterly to near Lake Desolation, where they could join 
parties coming thru from Fonda, and could hunt, or go north just west 
of Mt. McGregor, to the Hudson, where, if they were going to fight 
the Indians of the St. Lawrence, they would cross and go to Lake 
George and then down Lake Champlain. From near Lake Desolation 
a trail ran east thru Wilton Village to the Hudson and later became a 
highway. But these trails were not like our roads, but a dim path 
winding thru the woods and brush. It was over the one from Cham- 
plain to Fonda that the first white man — the noble and lamented 
Father Isaac Jogues, a martyr to his faith — passed to his death near 
Tribes Hill — called by the Indians, Cach-na-na-ga — on the 18th of 
October, 1646. These trails, dyed by the blood of friends and foes were 
destined to play an important part in the making of the great United 
States. In fact to witness the most important victory in her struggle 
for independence — Saratoga, one of the fifteen most important battles 
known. Having the only open route to the great west upon her south- 
ern boundary, and to the north on her eastern, her fertile acres and 
noble pines and forests attracted early settlers. But before these the 
fur traders came to the great beaver grounds to buy furs of the Indians. 

Can you see the first settlers in their log houses, built in Waterford 
Village — then known as Half-Moon Point, or the Foreland of Half- 
Moon — as they settled among the trees about July 10th, 1664, the date 
the patent, or deed, was given to Phillip Pieeterseu Schuyler and 
Goosen Gerretsen? But the great beaver hunting ground was along 
the Hudson, farther north, and soon we find one, Bartel Vroman, liv- 



ing at Schuylerville — then Saratoga — where the Indian trail from the 
north branched, one going up the Batten Kill and over the mountains 
t'i the Connecticut valley, and one going west thru Wilton, as men- 
tioned above. This place grew until 1742, when it was burned by the 
Algonquins, who killed, or carried away captive, all the inhabitants 
but one, who escaped to tell the tale. Of its thirty houses, barns, mills 
and fort, nothing but the black and burned logs and the brick walls of 
Schuyler's house were left, and the beaver hunting grounds of Saratoga 
was again left for a while to the Indians. 

France and England were at war in 1690. During this winter a force 
of one hundred and four French and ninety-six Indians, commanded 
by D'Aillebant de Mantel and LeMoyne de Saint-Helene left Montreal 
on snow shoes and came over the ice on Lakes Chauiplain and George, 
down the Hudson to Schuylerville and from there along the trail to 
Schenectady, where on the 8th of February they fell upon the sleeping 
inhabitants, whom they killed or took prisoners, burned the town, and 
then retreated along the trail to Mt. McGregor and to Canada. From 
Schenectady to Montreal we think is a long journey, even by railroad, 
but on foot and in the deep snows of winter, with no tents, and the 
thermometer at times over 80° below zero, none but those brought up 
to such trials dare undertake it, and many of the captives died on that 
awful journey. However, the French must have considered it a suc- 
cess, for we find them again in the winter of 1693 attempting to destroy 
the Mohawk towns of the Five Nations. Count Frontenac, the able 
Governor-General of Canada, sent a force of six hundred and twenty- 
five men dressed in suits similar to those sometimes worn by toboggan 
enthusiasts, and wearing snow shoes. They soon reached Mt. McGregor 
and the hills of Greenfield, thence to the Mohawk where they destroyed 
three forts. Then with their plunder and more than three hundred 
prisoners they commenced their return. On the 23d of February they 
encamped about where King's station now is. Here one John Baj/tiste 
Tan Eps — captured in 1690 at Schenectady — escaped and reported the 
invasion to the settlements at Albany. Troops assembled at 5 
nectady under Major Peter Schuyler to the number of two hundred and 
sev-nty-three whites and three hundred Mohawks and Oneidas, and 
attacked the French on the 27th. After a bloody battle lasting until 
dark and a fierce snow storm covering their movements, the French left 
their camp and hastily crossed the Hudson on the floating ice as the 
river was breaking up and was impassable when reached by Major 
Schuyler. The prompt action taken by Governor Fletcher and Major 
Schuyler in behalf of the Five Xations won the friendship of the 
Indians for the coming struggle, and taught the French a lesson. 
Peace was soon made only to be broken by Queen Anne's war, and we 
see Colonel Peter Schuyler leading an army north over the Hudson 
river trail towards Canada. On his route he built forts at Still- 
Schuylerville and Fort Edward, which,were the principal events. 



From Queen Anne's war to 1745,King George's war, the settlers could 
farm their lands, cut the timber or hunt in peace, and settlements were 
made rapidly. In 1747 Schuylerville was attacked June 30th, when 
twenty-eight or more were killed and forty-five made prisoners. As 
this was the last attack until the Revolution, and peace brought new 
settlers, let us go a hunting in this "great beaver hunting country" of 
the Indians. But you must promise to be very quiet, wear your moc- 
casins, so as not to crack the brush, and must not talk, or even cough, 
when we get neur the beavers' home, for they are very shy and know a 
great many things, as we shall see. First we must have a small party, 
as too many would frighten them and they would run away. We will 
go up the Batten Kill or some other small stream where they have built 
their houses, for they are good cai'penters and masons. They make 
their houses cone shaped of mud and sticks to hold them together. On 
the inside, just above the water level, was their floor where they lived. 
The front door was away down at the bottom, under water, as was 
their pantry, well stocked with twigs of birch bark and other nice barks 
for them to eat. At the foot of their yard they built a dam so that the 
water might not go down and leave the houses dry. Did you ever see 
a beaver? How do you suppose he built his dam ? First he cut down 
trees along the bank and floated them to the dam, where they were 
sunk and brush placed over them and the whole plastered with mud, 
which the beavers carried on their broad tails. But now we are near 
their houses and only the Indians can go still enough to the head of the 
pond. From this point they quietly swim clown to the houses, close 
and lock the front doors by putting in stones and sticks. Now we may 
go and break open the roofs and get the beavers. Great, fat, sleek 
fellows, whose flesh was considered finer than any other meat, while 
their skins were valuable, and at this time passed for money, for values 
were reckoned by beaver skins, there being but little money. Are you 
surprised that many farms were paid for by beaver skins ? 

Did you ever hear of Jane McCrea, the beautiful "maiden martyr 
of the Revolution ? " and did you know that she lived in this county ? 
About three miles below Fort Edward you could have seen her home — 
a log house and barn but neat and thrifty. Altho her brothers were 
then with General Schuyler at Stillwater, while David Jones — a neigh- 
bor's boy, her betrothed, was in the advancing army of General Bur- 
goyne. For the British were coming down the old Indian trail to try 
to whip our ancestors, just as the Algonquin Indians used to the 
Iroquois. Now Lieutenant Jones had been some time with the British. 
Miss McCrea wished to see him to secure protection from the Indians 
for every American fled from their route. On Sunday, the 27th day of 
July, 1777, she was captured by some Indians as she was about to reach 
the British army about two miles north of Fort Edward. In cold 
blood, without any good reason they murdered her and carried her 

10 



scalp back into the British ranks where her beautiful hair was recog- 
nized. 

This event so stirred the hearts of men that they rallied to the res- 
cue of the stars and stripes — Old Glory — and whipped the best troops 
that Europe could produce, and that here in our county. With the 
death of Miss McCrea the British doom was sealed on that July day. 

But it was not until Saturday, September 13, 1777, that the enemy's 
army first came into this county at Schuylerville as they had crossed 
the Hudson river in the extreme southeast corner of Northumberland. 
On the 15th they advanced to the Dovegat farm, on the 17th a further 
advance was made to the Sword's farm. General Horatio Gates, who 
took the command of the American troops from the noble Genera} 
Schuyler, with the American army was at Bemis Heights, where a 
fortification had been made from the Hudson to the Neilson farm, un- 
der the direction of the Polish patriot, Kosciusko. In the afternoon 
of the 19th, the first battle was fought, the English having advanced to 
the Freeman farm where they were stopped by the Americans. Har- 
rassed by the howling of the wolves and the determined American 
riflemen, who were the best shots in the world, the British lay here un- 
til October 7th, when Burgoyne left his camp, which he had fortified, 
for the purpose of finding out more about the Americans. Forming in 
line of battle so that his centre rested on the road running northerly 
from the Neilson house to Freeman's farm and about half a mile south 
of the Freeman house, he advanced, and at 2.30 p. m., the Now York 
and New Hampshire troops under General Poor had a hand to hand 
fight with them for half an hour when the English fled leaving many 
dead and wounded. But the American advance was checked thru the 
efforts of the gallant General Frasier. At this moment, General 
Benedict Arnold — later the traitor Arnold — rushed upon the field and 
with the famous Colonel Morgan and his expert riflemen, turned the 
tide of battle and the British fled again. Arnold charging the center 
of the enemy routed them again in confusion. Again he charged the 
Germans — the Hessians. Their colonel, Breyman, being killed, they 
surrendered, or fled, when the British retreated to Wilbur's Basin. 
Stopping long enough to bury the noble Frasier, who had been killed 
by one of Morgan's riflemen, the Americans ceased firing during the 
funeral for friend and foe alike honored such a man. The British con- 
tinued their retreat to the Dovegat farm and on the 9th, in a cold rain 
storm, crossed the Fishkill to the hills north of Schuylerville, where 
they encamped and built fortifications. The never tiring and elated 
Americans surrounded them and kept up a continual fire. Unable to 
retreat, their whole camp under fire, they at last were compelled to 
surrender. On the 13th, while considering their desperate state, an 
American cannon ball whizzed across the table around which the British 
officers sat. They agreed that surrender was best. Terms having been 

11 



agreed upon by General Burgoyne for the British and General Gates 
for the Americans, the British marched out, piled their arms and be- 
came prisoners. General Burgoyne having handed his sword to General 
Gates, the battle of Saratoga was over. At 3 p. m., October 17th, 1777, 
the last act was performed, and the prisoners took up their march for Al- 
bany to the tune of Yankee Doodle. One of the fifteen decisive battles 
of the world was won by the American farmers and then and there 
made possible the United States and our beloved "Old Glory," which 
the sons of Saratoga have ever been foremost to protect and honor. 

This county — the key to the situation in the north — was not to be 
given up by the British, who again invaded it in 1780 by one Captain 
Munro — a former merchant of Schenectady — and Captain John, of the 
Mohawks, left Crown Point to attack Schenectady. Passing thru 
Schroon Lake to Greenfield on the old Indian trail and later the govern- 
ment road, they reached Greenfield and encamped in the northwest 
corner of Milton. As Schenectady and Ballston Spa were too well 
protected they decided to capture Colonel James Gordon. On the 
night of October, being led by one James McDonald — a Tory, they 
went to Gordon's house on the Middle Line road — now owned by P. 
Heeney— captured the colonel and his family. Also Captain Collins, 
who operated Col. Gordon's mill, located where the Mourning Kill 
crosses this road ; also Thomas Barnum, John Davis, Elisha Benedict 
and his sons, Caleb, Elias, Pelix and many others. Then they retreated 
and crossed the Kayaderosseras at Milton Centre. They tied the hands 
of the prisoners and placed each in charge of two men, who had orders 
to kill their prisoners if they were attacked. Captain Stephen Ball 
with a detachment of militia started from the fort at Ballston Spa, in 
pursuit. But they were met at Milton meeting house by a messenger 
from Colonel Gordon, who advised that no attempt at rescue should be 
made, so Captain Ball returned. Taking the Indian trail to Mt. Mc- 
Gregor, the British reached Crown Point on the 24th and later Mon- 
treal. Colonel Gordon with other Ballstonians escaped from the Isle 
of Orleans, where they were confined, in a fisherman's boat and crossed 
the St. Lawrence and plunged into the hundreds of miles of forest be- 
tween them and liberty. After intense suffering, and when even those 
experienced woodsmen were so weak that they had to leave a com- 
panion by the side of a stream sheltered by brush, they came out at 
the settlement on Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine in 1783 and later re- 
turned to Ballston to take an active part in the community. 

Joe Bettys — a Ballston boy — embittered by the usage he received 
from the Americans, for no man fought more bravely than he at the 
battle of Lake Champlain, became a Tory. In 1781 he captured five 
men and took them to Canada, except Samuel ISTash, who escaped near 
Lake Desolation. Bettys having been once condemned and pardoned 
by General Washington, was at length captured by Jacob Fulmer and 

12 



Messrs. Perkins and Corey, of Clifton Park, about a mile west of 
Jonesville. Later he was convicted and hanged as a spy at Albany, 
and this relieved us of our most vicious enemy. 

This short history brings us to acts of peace and industry. The 
-county was erected February 7th, 1791. At this time there were four 
towns : Ballston, Ha If -Moon, Saratoga and Stillwater. From the ter- 
ritory then comprised in their limits the towns as now known have been 
formed : Ballston, Charlton, Clifton Park, Corinth, Day, Edinburgh, 
Galway, Greenfield, Hadley, Halfmoon, Malta, Milton, Moreau, 
Northumberland, Providence, Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, Stillwater, 
Waterford, Wilton. John Thompson of Stillwater was the first Judge ; 
Colonel James Gordon and Beriah Palmer of Ballston, Jacobus Van 
Schoonhoven of Half -Moon and Sidney Berry of Saratoga, Judges ; Sid- 
ney Berry, Surrogate; Jacob Fort, Jr., Sheriff; Dirck Swart. Clerk. 

The first Court House and Jail were located at Court House Hill, 
Ballston and first used in 1796. This was burned in 1815. The new 
buildings, which were erected in the Tillage of Ballston Spa were oc- 
cupied in 1819. 

To the Ballston Journal is accredited the honor of being the first 
newspaper of the county, appearing June 11, 1798 under the name of 
The Saratoga Register, or Farmer's Journal, edited by Increase and 
William Child, whose office was at Court House Hill. 

The trials, hardships and bravery of early settlement were all found 
here. But many heroes of the Revolution came to this famous county 
which has ever been known for its sturdy, wide-a-wake residents, ful 
of enterprise and patriotism. From a few inhabitants there soon grew 
a thrifty population of thousands, engaged in agriculture, manufactur- 
ing, lumber, iron, glassware, leather, etc. 

In 1861 the spirit of the heroes of the Revolution sent out the 77th N. 
Y. S. V., the "Bemis Heights regiment," sometimes called the Red 
Cross Regiment, under Colonel James B. McKean, which became one 
of the noted organizations of the army. Noted for its bravery and 
steadiness in the face of the enemy, and thus did honor to the name of 
Saratoga, and for which it stands. There were other brave sons of the 
county, but no complete regiment from this county in the army. Altho 
that was years ago, we responded again to the call of the nation in the 
Spanish-American war, when Company L went to the front under 
Captain Amos C. Rich, First Lieutenant John A. T. Schwarte and Second 
Lieutenant Obed M. Coleman, and though their service was short, the 
spirit of 1776 blazed anew in 1898. 



13 



OUTLINE FOR STUDY 




j& 



HE first work is to thoroly instruct the child in drawing ob- 
jects smaller than his paper. From this any familiar object 
larger than his paper, particular care being taken to use a 
scale, also a major and a minor axis. Continue this until the pupil 
thoroly understands these, then the school yard or other plats of 
ground well known. To much drill on scale and its uses will be largely 
due the success of the next step— the town in which the child resides 
Having mastered these the county should be drawn, the towns sketched 
and each studied and filled in by the pupil. Some order should be ob- 
served in this work, the teachers preference and judgment determining 
that. 

The teacher should acquaint himself with places where all types- 
may be observed. The smallest forms may be utilized, and there are 
but few localities where every one can not be found. Having prepared 
the children an excursion should be made, the types noted and ex- 
plained. After this the best of English lessons may be had from writ- 
ten description, or descriptions of others known to the child. The 
concrete is what children love and even the very young will tell, or 
write pages on objects of interest to them. This is english and no at- 
tempt should be made to distort it, until by comparison with the known,, 
fields beyond their vision may be made real to them. 

The following outlines should be observed :— 
1 Position : — Map drawn to scale. (2) Boundaries, 



2- Surface. 



1. Elevations. 

2. Depressions. 



<J 3. Streams. 

I 

i 



4. Soil. 

5. Modifications. 



a. Source. 

b. Direction, 

c. Plows between, 

thru and into. 

d. Bed, rapids, still 

water, etc. 

e. Basin. 

/. Villages. 

(7. Uses. 

Note: — Pupils should 
discover for them- 
selves, rapids, still 
water, islands, bays., 
capes, peninsulas, 
straits, and learn to 

i, know them. 

fa. Plain. 

b. Valley. 

c. Hill,less than 1000 

feet. 
I d. Mountain, more 

than 1000 feet 
le. Ravine. 



14 



3. Climate, 



1. Seasons. 



[_2. Atmosphere 



Villages. 



fl- 

k 

U. 



Locate. 

Why located there ? 

Account for growth. 

Industries. 



f 1 . Animals. 



a. 

b. 



Heat, cold, obser- 
vation of ther- 
mometer. 

Moisture, rain, 

snow, dew. 

Winds, directions 
of. 

Clouds, nimbus, 
cumulus, strata. 



Native. 

Domestic. 

What do they pro- 
duce, or for 
what used? 



Products. 



f). Manufactures. 



fa. Cereals. What? 
4 2. Vegetable products^ b. Tubers. What? 
la. Fruits. What? 

[ 3. Minerals. What and where found ? 

fl. What? Where? 
<J 2. From what made ? 
1 3. For what used ? 



Name, 

Where are they ? What do they connect? 

What do they carry ? 



fl. 
1. Railroads and canals<J 2. 

13. 

With the study of the home town should be given the town officers, 
or rather found out by the children : — (a) Name of office, (b) Names of 
men holding them, (c) When elected, (d) How elected, (e) For how 
long a term elected, (f) One duty of each. 

1. One Supervisor. 2. One Town Clerk. 3. Four Justices of the 
Peace. 4. Three Assessors. 5. One or three Highway Commissioners. 
6. One or two Overseers of the Poor. 7. One Collector. 8. From one 
to five Constables. 9. Two Inspectors of Election for each election 
district. 

The county officers should be treated similarity to those of the town, 
when the county is studied as a whole : — 1. One Sheriff. 2. One County 
Judge. 3. One Surrogate. 4. One County Clerk. 5. One Treasurer. 
6. One District Attorney and one assistant. 7. Two Coroners. 8. One 
or three Superintendents of the Poor. 9, One School Commissioner 
for each Commissioner District. 



15 





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TOWNS OF THE COUNTY 

BALLSTON 

Ballston lies southwest of the centre of the County and contains 
seventeen thousand four hundred and fifty acres. Bound it. 

The surface is rolling and in the north sandy. Along the east side of 
Ballston Lake and in the western part are found good farming lands. 
It rises from three hundred feet in the southernmost corner to four 
hundred feet in the northern part at the Middle Line road. 

Ballston Lake — Colonial times, Long Lake and Sha-nen-da-ho-ra of 
the Indians — its largest body of water, lies in the eastern and southern 
part and has an elevation of two hundred and eighty-five feet. Its nut- 
let — Outlet Creek — flows northeasterly into Malta, thence southeasterly 
into Round Lake. The Mourning Kill — See Galway — rises in Galway 
and flows southeasterly into Ballston, thence northeasterly into Malta 
where it empties into the Kayaierosseras Creek, in the northwest cor- 
ner of that town. 

Michael and Nicholas McDonald settled upon the west shore of 
Ballston Lake in 1763 and are supposed to be the first settlers. It was 
at their house that Sir William Johnson passed a night on his first trip 
to High Rock spring (see Saratoga Springs) in 1767. But from the Rev. 
Eliphalet Ball, its next settler, the town was to take its name. He 
purchased four hundred acres at what has since been known as Acad- 
emy Hill and moved in in 1770; altho his deed was dated October 12, 
1771. He paid ten shillings and his influence to settle the town for his 
farm. His daughter, Mary, became the wife of General James Gor- 
don (see history.) Mr. Ball was a third cousin of our first president, 
General George Washington. General James Gordon came also in 1771 
and settled on the Middle Line road on the farm now owned by P. 
Heeney. He took an active part in the Revolution aud was promoted 
to the rank of General for his brilliant services. In 1780 he was taken 
prisoner during the Munro raid and carried a prisoner to Canada. 
From here he, with five others among whom were Henry and Christian 
Banta, Epenetus White, from Ballston, made their escape and crossed 
the St. Lawrence in a boat, made their way thru the Maine and New 
Hampshire forests to Passamaquoddy Bay in Maine, and thence to 
Ballston in 1783. Dr. Elisha Miller settled in 1770 on the farm now 
owned by Mr. Lahey on the east side of Ballston Lake near the outlet. 

Thru this town many an Indian raid has been made over the old In- 
dian trail from Schenectady to Alplaus Creek — Aal Phlaats— or Eel 

17 



Place brook— up the same to about a mile and one-half south of Burnt 
Hills ; thence overland to Ballston Lake; thru the lake and down its 
outlet to near East Line; thence by a short carry or portage to the 
Mourning Kill ; down this to the Kayaderosseras to Saratoga Lake and 
down Fish Creek to the Hudson. 

This town has the honor of being the residence of the late Honorable 
Neil Gilmour, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 1872-1883 and the 
county may well be proud of the fact— Hon. Gideon Hawley (see Charl- 
ton) the first and sixth Superintendents, men whose effortsdidso much 
for the schools, were residents of it. 

The town was originally called Ball's Town and was formed as a 
town from Saratoga in 1775. 

Besides the public roads the Schenectady branch of the Delaware 
& Hudson railroad from Schenectady to Ballston enters its southern 
border about the center and runs northeasterly to its noitheast corner. 
This road is paralleled most of the way by the Schenectady electric 
road connecting the same places. 

Ballston Lake and Burnt Hills are pleasant villages in the town and 
are the survivors of many other points which once were villages, but 
change of business has occasioned their decline. The most noted of 
which is Court House Hill, once the county seat. 

Farming is its sole industry, producing butter, milk, poultry, eggs, 
apples, potatoes, rye, oats, corn, etc. 

There are no large schools in the town, but a good graded school is 
maintained at Burnt Hills. The usual public schools are found in 
other parts. 



CHARLTON 

Charlton lies in the southwest corner of the county and contains 
twenty thousand two hundred and thirty seven acres. Bound it. 

The surface is rolling and very fertile, sandy loam in the south and 
clay loam in the north. In the western part is found lime stone, which 
was once quarried for building purposes and for lime. Being so level, 
for it runs from five hundred feet elevation in the eastern part to seven 
hundred and fifty feet at Blue Corners, its highest point, it has many 
streams and is well watered. The Alplaus Creek rises near its north- 
ern boundary, west of the centre, and flows southeasterly to its south- 
east corner and empties into the Mohawk in the eastern part Glen- 
ville, Schenectady county. A branch of the Mourning Kill (see Gal- 
Avay) rises in the eastern part and runs easterly and joins the main 
stream in Ballston and thence northeasterly thru Ballston and Malta 
emptying into the Kayaderosseras in the northwestern corner of Malta. 

Joseph Gonzalez settled in the southwestern part in 1770 and seems 
to have been its first white inhabitant. In 1774 Thomas Sweetman 

. 18 



and David Maxwell settled in the town. Aboi t the i : me time John 
:r. John Taylor, brother of Hon. John W. Taylor, see H:- -- 
-..--. amb« ' : . - 

and others - - residents. The 1 feh ttl< ttei 

time? f 1 - ! - -" otion. Ir. 178i marauding band of the S1 
Indians murdered -7 --; J-onzalez and bis sun Emanuel. His 
John. was earried ~. Canada and forced into the Bii1 
in time* - - and education particul: rly, 1 town has a j 

;-.-_.•- _ ■ . 

- f the state of 3ft S leonHawle] 

f the i tiers. He was a f be oi 

fc from 1813 to 1821. Depni 
entS- S- 1 - 1 no indiTidnal in tbe stat< 

: omm on school education m: re leepb 

" - i - e en1 ts infancy 

than to Gideon Ha~ - 
7 Charlton is accredits I the first - tat* 

sing formed in 1836 for * •' mutual impr ■:■ vement 
It was organized from ] si 17,1792 and was named i 

Dr. Charlton, a physician in yew Tort d.tj tho previously 
Freeh* Id :: m Fret •". J. 

- n has no lines oi I - _ : spi ~ - 

: - .. - gi sits metropolis arltonand 

mlets 
A1— - " - - e industry is Terming. \- - - ■ - 

BaUston Spa and S toga Spri ng s 
products >fitsf€ '.le and well tilled soil. "Milk , br.--- oltry 

■ 
Be ; - s1 - irlion Aeadem> tin If 

sdaprc minent place in the edueai strtul 

The Charlton Indnsl e - 

:f >"t^ V ; - - ti i 

. - - E t of the tows Home i 

fatal aing amagnifieenl 

txvi - thi 



CLIFTON P.^R-K 

I ins ":"_"" ' - ■ • 2 : c :. :' i 

genl - b of Tuggec 

Flats form 
celt I gi ntheMohawi tw 

and five feet, it ati " e i -our hm. Ixed f eei 

! 



and west. There are several small streams flowing into the Mohawk 
and Hudson. The Mohawk bounds it upon the south. The soil is 
generally fertile, except in the north, where it is sandy. 

It is supposed that as early as March 4, 1009, it was settled by Jan 
Yerbeck, Philip Pieter Schuyler and Pieter Van Olincla and there are 
evidences that settlements were made even before, but no definite 
records have been found. The fertile valley and easy communication 
thru the Mohawk made it a favorite spot. Claes Jansen van Boeck- 
hoven bought the land at Niskayuna, which was earlier known as 
Canastigonie. Over this town many of the Indian raids were made. 
On the Jacob Van Vranken farm is an old Indian burial place. 

The Erie Canal — from Albany to Buffalo — runs along the Mohawk 
thru the southern part and across the river at Rexfords Flats on an 
aqueduct. The Schenectady branch of the Delaware & Hudson rail- 
road from Schenectady to Mechanicville enters the town near the south- 
western corner and runs northeasterly thru the town. This line is 
paralleled by the Fitchburg from Voorhees Junction to Mechanicville 
thence to Boston. The Schenectady electric road from Schenectady to 
Ballston Spa passes thru the northwest corner. 

The villages are Jonesville, Clifton Park Village, Rexfords Flats. Vis- 
cher's Ferry, Fort's Ferry, Grooms Corners. Originally this territory 
belonged to Halfmoon, but was organized as a town March 3d, 182S. 

Farming is the chief industry, producing grains, apples and potatoes, 
besides dairy farm products, hay, etc. 

The schools at present are the common schools of the state, but for- 
merly the Jones\ille Academy was a noted institution. 



CORINTH 

Corinth is one of the northern towns and contains thirty -six thousand 
four hundred and fifty-nine acres. Bound it. 

Its surface is wild and mountainous. The Kayaderosseras range ex- 
tend thru the north and west, and the Palmertown the eastern and south- 
ern j>arts. Mt. McGregor is partly in Moreau, Wilton and Corinth and 
is famous as the death place of General Ulysses S. Grant. In the east 
the average altitude is about eight hundred feet. In the west from 
thirteen to nineteen hundred, while its highest point is about the centre 
about two thousand and twenty feet. In the northwest are several 
small lakes, Efnor, Hunt, Jenny lakes and Black Pond being the larger 
ones. There are no large streams, except the Hudson on the north and 
east boundary. 

In 1775 Ambrose Clothier settled near Mt. McGregor, also Samuel 
Eggleston, being its first settlers. April 20, 1818, the town was formed 

20 



from HacUey. Across its eastern part it is probable the old Indian trail 
led from the Hudson to probably near Spier Palls, past Alt. McGregor 
and thru Greenfield to the M obawk. However of all the stirring scenes 
which may have been enacted here, none have come down to us. 

The Adirondack railroad, Saratoga Springs to Xorth Creek, is its 
only line of communication, except the public roads. 

The village of Corinth with a population of two thousand one hun- 
dred and eighty-six is the largest in the town. Palmer Palls, South 
Corinth, Jessup's Landing and Morleyville are the other villa. 

On account of its surface, farming is not extensive but lumbering, 
pulp wood and the manufacture of paper is largely engaged in. At 
Corinth and Palmer Falls large paper mills are operated.' 

In addition to the district schools, the schools of Corinth, grades and 
High school, are in excellent condition. 



DAY 

Day is the most northwesterly town in the county and contains nine- 
teen thousand two hundred and sixty-two acres. Bound it. 

It is very mountainous, rough and rugged. The Kayaderosseras 
range of mountains occupy the center and southern part and are noted 
for their beautiful scenery, but the soil is poorly adapted to agricul- 
ture. Bising from the Sacandaga valley with an altitude of about 
seven hundred feet its highest point is probably near the northeast cor- 
ner about two thousand four hundred feet. (This is not given as a f ac} 
as the author could find but part of the elevations.) There are three 
small lakes, Mud, Sand and Livingston Lakes. The Sacandaga river is 
its only stream of importance and enters the town at its southwest 
ner and flows in a winding tortuous course northeast across the town 
and empties into the Hudson river. Paul Creek drains Livingston Lake 
and flows south into the Sacandaga at Day Centre. 

The town was first settled in 1797 by David Johnson, who located on 
the Sacandaga in the extreme eastern part. It was organized as a town 
April 17, 1819, and named Concord. But as another town of the same 
name was in the state, it was changed to Day in honor of Eliphaz Day, 
a prominent citizen. But little of historic note has happened on this 
soil, so far as known, altho some Indian relics prove it to have been a 
favorite hunting ground. 

The public roads are its only lines of communication. 

Its chief industries are lumbering, peeling of hemlock bark for tan- 
ning, cutting and drawing of pulp wood, grazing and some farming. 



21 



EDINBURGH 

The town of Edinburgh contains 41,253 acres and lies in the north, 
western part of the county. Bound it. 

The Sacandaga river enters the town near the southwest corner and 
runs northeasterly to the Hudson. The river has an elevation of 
about seven hundred feet with a narrow fertile valley, while the re- 
mainder is hilly highlands reaching an altitude of eighteen hundred 
feet in many places. The Kayaderosseras range in the south is high, 
rough and rocky. The soil is light. Johnny Cake Lake and some other 
small ones lie in the east and southern parts ; also a few small ponds in 
the northwestern corner. Butler's creek rises in Sand Lake in the 
town of Day and flows southerly thru the northwest corner into the 
Sacandaga, Batcheller's Creek rises near the centre and flows south- 
westerly into the Sacandaga river. 

Abijah Stark, a nephew of General John Stark, the hero of Ben- 
nington, was the first settler in 1787, and' located near the Providence 
line. Soon after Johnathan Anders'on, Nathaniel Boss, Sylvester West- 
cot and Samuel Randall settled near Stark. In 1800 John Sumner built 
the first saw mill at Batchellerville and Isaac Deming, the first grist 
mill and store. 

The town was erected from Providence, March 13, 1801, as Northfield, 
but the name was changed to Providence, April 6, 1808. 

The public roads are its only means of communication. 

Batchellerville near the centre of the town and on the east side of 
the Sacandaga river, with Edinburgh across the river, is its only vil- 
lage. 

The soil being so poor and rough, and the timber mostly exhausted 
the industries are chiefly grazing and dairy farming, with such cuts of 
wood as may be of market value. 



GALWAY 

Galway is one of the western towns and contains 27,805 acres. 
Bound it. 

The surface is slightly rolling in the southern part— elevation from 
five hundred to six hundred feet, but higher, more broken and rough in 
the north. Highest point one thousand one hundred and ninety-five 
feet just east of the centre on northern boundary. The soil is generally 
sandy, with some clay mixed and is quite productive. 

Chuctanunda creek rises near the northwest corner and flows south- 
erly to about west of the centre, where it has been dammed to form the 
Amsterdam Reservoir of five hundred and thirty acres — elevation 
eight hundred and sixty seven feet— f or the purpose of supplying water 
to the Amsterdam mill owners. The creek thence flows southwesterly 

22 



and empties into the Mohawk at Amsterdam. Feegowesee creek rises 
north of the centre and flows easterly into the Kayaderosseras. Near 
the southeast corner a branch of the Mourning Kill rises and runs east- 
erly into the town of Ballston; thence northeasterly into the Kayader- 
osseras in the northwest corner of Malta. Where the creek crosses the 
road once occurred a bloody battle between the Mohawk and Algon- 
quin Indians. The name comes from the friends of the slain who came 
each year to mourn for their lost relatives on the anniversary of the 
battle. 

In 1774 the first settlement was made by William Kelly, John and 
James Major and John McHarg at what was known as Scotch Street, 
which began north of Galway village and ran southerly into Charlton. 

The town was formed from Balls-Town March 7, 1792, and was named 
from Galloway, Scotland, the early home of many of the settlers. 

Besides the public roads there are no lines of communication. 

Galway— Population one hundred and forty-nine, is its largest vil- 
lage. East Galway— York's Corners ; North Galway — Green's Corners ; 
West Galway — Top Notch; and Mosherville are its villages. 

The principal industries are farming, the cutting and drawing of 
wood and the manufacture of iron, principally the Mosher plows at 
Mosherville. 

Besides the public schools in the town Galway Village has a fine 
school of Junior grade and fits many for the higher walks in life. 



GREENFIELD 

The largest town in the County is Greenfield, containing 37,745 acres. 
Bound it. 

The Kayaderosseras mountains extend thru the western part in a 
southwesterly direction. In the eastern part are hills of the Palmer- 
town range while between these two ranges lies a valley about six 
miles in width. The soil in which, is fairly fertile. The surface rises 
from the southeast corner with an altitude of 532 feet to the Kayad- 
erosseras range, with an altitude of 1800 feet on the east shore of Lake 
Desolation and of 1900 feet, its highest point, in the extreme northwest 
corner. Lake Desolation lies on the western border and there are a 
few smaller lakes or ponds. The Kayaderosseras creek, which rises in 
the southern part of Corinth enters the town near the northeast corner 
and flows southwesterly leaving the town west of the center of its 
southern boundary, and flows thence south and easterly emptying into 
Saratoga Lake. This stream and its small tributaries, is the only one 
of importance. 

In the spring of 1786, Gersham Morehouse, Charles Deake, Charles 
Deake, Jr., William Deake and Benjamin Deake, settled near Middle 

23 



Grove; William Scott at Scott's Comers, North Greenfield; Isaac 
Reynold's near Greenfield Centre; and the Fitch family at St. John's 
Corners. 

This town is historic for thru here, just east of Lake Desolation, was 
the old Indian trail from the north to Schenectady, Amsterdam and 
Fonda, also east to Schuylerville. Over this route passed the martyred 
Father Isaac Jogues in 1642 ; Tracy and Caucelle with their army on 
their way to the Mohawk country in 1066 ; also the Indians and Tories 
in their descent upon Ballston in 1780, and many other adventurers not 
now known, as this was an Indian road known to all the tribes and 
used both in war and peace. 

Greenfield was erected as a town March 12, 1793. 

Besides the highways the Adirondack railroad— Saratoga Springs to 
North Creek — enters the southeastern corner, runs west then north, 
thru the town and just east of the centre. The Ballston Terminal elec- 
tric road follows the Kayaderosseras creek from Ballston Spa to Mid- 
dle Grove in the southern part. 

The villages are Middle Grove, (formerly Jamesville), Greenfield 
Centre, Porter's Corners. 

The principal industry of the town is farming, producing hay, oats, 
rye, corn, potatoes, apples, poultry, eggs, butter, milk, etc. The cut- 
ting and drawing of pulp wood furnishes much employment to the in- 
habitants. 

The schools are of the usual public school system. 



HADLEY 

Hadley is one of the northern towns and contains 17,497 acres. 
Bound it. 

The surface is rough and hilly and poorly adapted to agriculture. 
The Kayaderosseras range lies in the southern part. Their highest 
part being Mt. Anthony, 1,664 feet elevation. The highest point in the 
town is West Mountain, 2,665 feet. There are no large streams, except 
the Hudson on the east and Sacandaga River running thru the south- 
ern part from west to east and emptying into the Hudson. Its bed 
being precipitous and rocky as well as that of the Hudson fine water- 
power is furnished. 

In 1788 one Richard Hilton made the first settlement. This was fol- 
lowed in 1790 by Alexander Stewart, who settled on the banks of the 
Hudson. The town has ever been quiet and with but little history, 
except of the domestic affairs of the settlers, as it was to one side of 
the stirring events of early colonial times and for the further reason 
that it was not settled. 

24 



While a resident of this town the Hon. John W. Taylor was elected 
to the Assembly in 1812, at the age of 28 years. After serving two 
years there, he was elected a Congressman and served from 1813 to 
1833. He was speaker of the 19th Congress and the only one from New 
York state. He died in Cleveland, September 13, 1863. 

The Adirondack railroad from North Creek to Saratoga Springs fol- 
lows the Hudson thruout its eastern part. 

Hadley village is really a part of the village of Luzerne across the 
Hudson and Conklingville is its only village. Its industries are farm- 
ing to a limited extent; the manufacture of paper at Hadley and 
wooden-ware works, buckets, clothes-pins, barrels, measures, wash, 
boards and wooden bowls are manufactured at Conklingville. 

The schools are the usual district schools as found thruout the county. 



HALFMOON 

Half moon contains 20,781 acres. Bound it. 

The surface is rolling. Along the river in the eastern part the soil is 
alluvial. The bluffs extending along the alluvial flats are from 60 to 100 
feet high. Extending back from these the soil is gravelly loam and 
clay, except in the west which is sandy. There are no large streams. 
Small rivulets run at the bottom of deep ravines making the surface 
somewhat broken. 

When first settled is a matter of tradition, but supposed to have been 
about 1680. The "Old Stone House," or the Dunsbach House, was 
erected in 1718 and still stands about two miles above Crescent. The 
earliest record in Mechanicville. south of the creek — Anthony Kill- 
was of an inn kept by one Gates. History is very uncertain as to facts 
in the early days of the town. But it is certain that it was known and 
occupied early being on the military road from Albany north and west. 
William Clark was one of the pioneers of Halfmoon Village. 

Just below Crescent, at the mouth of Bouton creek, the Indians 
landed and carried their canoes to the Hudson on their journeys up 
that river. 

The name is derived from the bend in the Mohawk near Crescent. 
It was one of the two original districts of the county, Saratoga and 
Halfmoon, as erected in 1772, being then a part of Albany county. In 
1788 it was organized as a town and was one of the four original towns, 
Halfmoon, Ballston, Saratoga and Stillwater, comprising the County of 
Saratoga. 

The Erie Canal passes thru the eastern part, running northwesterly 
and crosses the Mohawk; thence thru its southern part, at Crescent. 
This with the Delaware and Hudson railroad from Albany to Mechan- 
icville and to Schenectady, the Boston and Maine railroad from 

25 



Voorhees Junction to Boston, the Hudson Valley Electric Koad from 
Troy to Saratoga, Ballston Spa and to Schuylerville and Glens Falls 
and north give the residents fine commercial opportunities. 

Mechanicville, the largest village, has a population of 5,876 and lies 
partly in this town and partly in Stillwater. It derives its name from 
the number of mechanics employed at an early date, then as now it was 
largely a manufacturing center. At present it is a large railroad center. 
In business and enterprise it has few rivals in this part of the State. 
Smith Town, named from the Smith family ; Crescent, named from the 
bend in the river; Clifton Park; Halfmoon and New Town are its vil- 
lages. 

Farming is largely carried on producing butter, milk, beef, eggs, poul- 
try, barley, rye, corn, potatoes and garden truck, vvhile at Mechanic- 
ville are extensive paper industries, largely in Stillwater; also large 
brick yards southeast of the village, sash and blind factory, knitting 
mills. Below the village the Hudson has been dammed and an impor- 
tant station of the Hudson Biver Electric Light and Power Company 
established. 

The school system of Mechanicville is large and constantly growing 
and developing, the rest of the town has the usual public schools. 



MALTA 

Malta contains 17,009 acres. Bound it. 

It is generally slightly rolling. The northern part is mostly sandy 
and poor farming lands, while the southern part is more fertile. Its 
highest point is near the crossing of Dunning Street road by the road 
to George Crum's and Saratoga lake, from Ballston Spa 336 feet. It 
has no large streams. Saratoga lake — altitude of 240 feet — bounds it 
in part on the east. The Mourning Kill (see Galway) passes thru the 
northwest corner, and empties into the Kayaderosseras. The Kayad- 
erosseras forms its northern boundary emptying into Saratoga lake. 
Outlet creek — from Ballston lake to Bound lake — enters the town 
south of the center of the western line and flows southeasterly, empty- 
ing into Bound lake, which is in the southern part. Anthony creek 
is the outlet of Bound lake and empties into the Hudson at Mechanic- 
ville. 

The origin of the name is uncertain. It is supposed two Tories by 
the name of Drummond and McKelpin were the first settlers. John 
Hunter and Ashbel Andrews are accredited with being its first per- 
manent settlers and located near Bound Lake in 1764 and Michael Dun- 
ning at Dunning Street in 1771. The town was formed from Stillwater 
March 3, 1802. 

Bound Lake village is its only hamlet and is a noted summer resort 
place of religious assemblages of the Methodist Episcopal church. 

26 



Its industries are mostly agriculture, producing butter, milk, beef, 
poultry, eg^s, apples and other fruit, potatoes and hay. 

Besides the numerous district schools, Round Lake Academy is an 
institution of learning widely known. 



MILTON 

Milton contains 20,935 acres. Bound it. 

This town comprises much of the upper valley of the Kayaderosseras 
— crooked stream of the Indians. It is undulating in the south with 
an elevation above sea level of about 300 feet and more hilly and higher 
in the west and north having its greatest altitude in the northwest 
corner, being 823 feet, and has an elevation of about 500 feet on the 
western boundary. 

The west and north being higher its streams flow east and south. 
Its largest stream, the Kayaderosseras, rises in the south central part 
of Corinth, flows southeasterly thru Greenfield and enters this town 
about two and a sixteenth miles east of the northeast corner; flowing 
southeasterly it leaves the town about one and one fourth miles north 
of its southeast corner; thence between the towns of Saratoga Springs 
and Malta to the northern part of Saratoga Lake, into which it emp- 
ties. From its source to Ballston Spa its bed is steep forming many 
rapids. What do these furnish '? From Ballston Spa it runs thru the 
lower Kayaderosseras valley, a low alluvial plain and is very sluggish. 
Why ? Of what use ? 

The soil is principally sandy. This was left ages ago by great banks 
of ice, which came down from the north and melted leaving the dirt 
they carried on our hills, many of which are mostly composed of this 
sand. In the southwest it is more loamy and fertile. 

Its chief occupations are farming — producing butter, milk, eggs, beef, 
pork, rye, oats, buckwheat, corn, barley, hay, potatoes, apples. There 
is quite a large amount of market gardening. Where sold '? Manu- 
facture of leather. Where and what made of it ? Also paper, ma- 
chinery and foundry work. Its commerce is considerable. What 
shipped ? What imported ? Stone quarrying, and the making of lime 
at Rowland's Hollow. 

Its first settlement seems to have been made just before the Revolu- 
tion by David Wood at Milton Hill and probably others. While Jus- 
tiss Jennings, a soldier of the Revolution, settled near Hop City in 
1783. Along the Middle Line road ran the old Indian trail from Sche- 
nectady to Mt. McGregor and to Montreal. 

In 1771 some surveyors discovered the "Old Iron Spring," and it soon 
became a "favorite stopping place for hunters as game gathered in 
abundance to drink of the mineral waters. In 1787 Benajah Douglas — 

27 



grandfather of Stephen A. Douglass, the "Little Giant"— settled at 
Ballston Spa and built a log tavern for the accommodation of guests, 
for many were already coming to use the waters. He bought one hun- 
dred acres just west of the spring, and in 1792 erected the first frame 
house on the site now occupied by W. S. Waterbury's house. The same 
year Nicholas Low purchased land east of Douglas' and erected the 
second house. In 1794 a fine trade in summer travel set in and we find 
that Joseph Westcot became its owner in the following year. The Sans 
Souci Hotel, elegant for those days, was erected by Nicholas Low in 
1793, then the village began to grow and become famous, and the town 
to flourish. 

Like the rest of Saratoga County the nearness to and ease of getting 
to market made it a favorite place for settlement. 

Its railroads, the Delaware and Hudson, lessee, from Albany to 
Montreal, etc., the Schenectady Railroad, electric from Schenectady to 
Ballston Spa, the Ballston Terminal from Ballston Spa to Middle Grove 
and the Hudson Valley from Albany, Mechanicville to Ballston Spa, 
Saratoga Springs and Glens Falls, these with numerous telegraph and 
telephone lines make communication and business easily carried on. 

The villages are Ballston Spa, capital or shire town of the County, 
with a present population of 4,131, Bock City Falls and West Milton. 

The chief industries are manufacture of leather, paper, machinery and 
foundry work, ladies' wrappers and bottling of mineral waters at Balls, 
ton Spa ; paper at Bock City Falls and paper at West Milton. 

At Ballston Spa are located the County Court House, Jail, County 
Clerk's Office, County Poorhouse and the Carpentier Infirmary for the 
indigent, the finest of its kind in the State, the Ballston Spa High 
School and graded schools of the village, also the Ballston Spa National 
Bank and the First National Bank of Ballston Spa, large pulp and 
paper mills, also one of the largest tanneries in America. The med- 
icinal value of its many springs have long been known. 

Good district schools are conveniently situated thruout the town. 



MOREAU 

Moreau is situated in the northeast corner of the County and con- 
tains 23,656 acres. Bound it. 

The central and eastern parts of the town are broken and rolling, 
gradually rising from an elevation of two hundred feet in the eastern 
part to the Palmertown Mountains, the highest peak of which is Mt. 
McGregor, one thousand, one hundred feet. In the south and east the 
land is fertile, but the remainder is principally sand. Its largest stream 
is Snook Kill (old spelling Snoek Kill) rising in the northeastern part 

28 



of Northumberland it flows northeasterly thru the southeastern corner 
into the Hudson. There are numerous small streams and some lakes, 
the Hudson touching it upon three sides furnishes water power. 

The town was named from a French gentleman, Marshal Moreau, 
who visited this country as an exile in 1804-5. It appears that Elijah 
Parks and family were the first settlers in 1766, having purchased 800 
acres at South Glens Falls, where he erected '-th» old castle," also 
mills. Daniel Parks one of his sons, aroused by the news of the battle 
of Lexington, gathered a few neighbors, and about the same time, if 
not before Ethan Allen's capture of Ticonderoga, marched thru the 
woods nine miles and captured Fort George then held by the British. 
The father and one brother were subsequently killed by the Tories and 
Indians. 

John Glen, of Schenectady bought a tract of 2,000 acres in 1770 and 
cut a road from Schenectady to it. The falls at this place were named 
for him, altho earlier known as Wings Falls. Near here also settled 
the Jones family heretofore mentioned in connection with the mas- 
sacre of Jane McCrea, but the Jones' were Tories, while the McCrea's 
were patriots and lived about three miles below Fort Edward. (See 
history.) 

The town was organized March 28, 1805. 

The Delaware & Hudson railroad and the Hudson Valley electric 
road crosses the eastern part of the town and form good communica- 
tion with other parts of the State. 

South Glens Falls with a population of 2,097 is the largest village, 
others are Fortsville, Feeder Dam, Clark's Corners and Reynold's 
Corners. 

The industries consist of farming, producing barley, oats, corn, pota- 
toes, butter and milk, poultry and eggs, hay, etc. At South Glens 
Falls are large paper mills and lumber mills. The quarrying is of 
marble for different purposes, also the making of lime. 

Besides the usual district schools South Glens Falls has a fine sys- 
tem of grades and a High School. 



NORTHUMBERLAND 

Northumberland lies in the eastern part of the County and contains 
19,441 acres. Bound it. 

The surface is gently rolling and sandy. Its principal streams are 
Snoek Kill rising in the town of Wilton and flows northeasterly thru 
the northern part and thru Moreau into the Hudson; and Deer creek 
rising west of the centre flows northerly into Snoek Kill. It has an 
altitude of about 200 feet at the bluffs bordering the Hudson river valley 
and reaches its highest point west of the centre being about 300 feet. 

29 



About 1765 James Brisbin settled about a half mile west of Fort 
Miller. In the same year Hugh Munro also settled here. Being a 
Tory, Munro left his home and went to Canada and his property was 
confiscated by the State, which, about the close of the Revolution, 
sold it to General Peter Gansevoort. It is interesting to note that 
General Gansevoort was in command at Fort Stanwix when invested 
by St, Legers r troops in 1777 and so gallantly relieved by Generals 
Herkimer and Arnold. This defeat materially aided General Gates at 
the battle of Saratoga as it deprived him of the aid of a large body of 
troops. A few miles north of Fort Miller, lived the McCrea's, the sad 
fate of Miss Jane has been mentioned previous. (See history.) Fort 
Miller was erected in 175-"> by Colonel Miller to guard the river and the 
ford at this place. The old military route lay on the eastern bank 
of the Hudson, and it is not believed that many military events took 
place in the town, altho Burgoyne crossed the river into the town when 
marching south to the battle of Saratoga. 

The Delaware & Hudson railroad from Albany to Montreal crosses 
the northwest corner and the Champlain canal the extreme southeast 
corner. 

The villages are Gansevoort named from the renowned general, 
Bacon Hill from the family of that name, Fort Miller Bridge and 
Northumberland. 

The chief industry is farming, producing butter, milk, poultry, eggs ., 
rye, oats, corn, apples and potatoes in large quantities. 

The usual district schools are conveniently located, but there are no 
large systems. 



PROVIDENCE 

Providence lies in the western part of the County and contains 27,161 
acres. Bound it. 

Its surface is chiefly hilly and of a poor, sandy and stony quality. 
The Maxon mountain, highest point in the town, 1805 feet, a high table 
land, occupies the northwestern and mostly the northern part. Its 
lowest point is in the extreme southeastern corner, 823 feet. 

Northeast of the centre is Round Lake, which is drained by Hans 
creek. This flows southwesterly into Fulton county; thence northerly 
into the Kennyetto creek. IS! orth of the centre on the eastern bound- 
ary lies Lake Desolation, which is drained by Kennyetto creek, which 
flows southwesterly and runs to the southwestern corner ; thence north- 
erly thru Fulton county into the Sacandaga river less than eight miles 
from its source. While the Chuctanunda creek, which rises about one 
mile south of the Kennyetto creek in the town of Galway, flows into 
the Mohawk. 

30 



From Antioch hill. Antioch school h of the finest views in 

the county may be had to the south, east and west. In fact it is one 
of the finest in eastern Xorth America. 

Thomas Shackland settled in 1786 at Hagadonrs Mil e he 

erected saw and grisl Qs. [nil id and Samuel 1 ttled 

at Barkersville and from them the village was name:.. This t* wn has 
but little history, being unsettled until after the Kevolution. 

The town was ere ruary 5, 11 from 1 

It was named from Providence. Ehode Island, 

Br- - there are no lines of communication. 

There are several villages'. Barkersville. Glenville, Fayviile. 
Providence and Hagadonrs Mills. 

The principal occupations are lnmbe. - tting and drawing of pulp 
wood. . hemlock bark, some farming; and manufacturing of 

lumber at Barkersville and Hagedorn s Mills. 

The usual pul - 3 are found thruout the town. 



SARATOGA 

■ - '?. — "Old Saratoga"— lies in the central eastern part of the 
County and contains 14,399 acres. Bound it. 

In the east the surface is flat with an elevation of about 1 feet. In 
the center and west a range of hills extend northerly and southerly, 
the highest point being 57 feel eing about one mile and three fourths 
northeast of Dean's Comers. The hills jusl east fS toga Lake are 
about feet. 
There is one stream of importance within the town. I" 

toga Lake and flows easterly thru the northern part in- 
to the Hudson. The Hudson upon the east - ;a Lake on tt- 
of the town gave it much importance in early times as a means of com- 
munication and power, the m it oi is at SehuylervilLe, on Fish 
Creek. 

- -rah-to-ea, the Hill side country of the great rive 
famous thru all Indian tri • s a hunting ground, 
many a battle between the great Iroquois nation of central > 

Algonquin ene - ftheS enee. Here. ~ 8 

viUe. the Indian trail from C ranehed The one g - st, tc 

hilethe fcher followed F: ; C Creel-:. - toga] 
t e Mourning Kill \ ■. le Ltlet Greet tc and thi 

thenee to Eel Creek and the Mohawk, I tc Lake 

Desolation and Fonda. This place saw nearly every hv m the 

north and every army marching north to attack - me of 

the greatest even:? in the world- History - this 

Here Gates won andBurgoyce 1 :-: me h the flfteei -. 

31 



battles of record, and made possible the United States. Kear the 
monument erected to commemorate the event, Burgoyne surrendered 
his sword to Gates. (See history.) 

Bartel Vroman seems to have settled here as early as 1689 and 
probably others. It is believed that the famous Schuyler family settled 
and erected mills here as early as 1709. In 1745 occured the massacre 
heretofore alluded to. 

After peace had been declared in 1763 many settlers came to this 
town and began to make homes farther from the Hudson. Granger- 
ville being settled in 1790 by Jesse Toll who built mills. 

It was organized as a town March 7, 1788. 

The town has easy access to markets thru the Champlain canal which 
runs northerly and southerly near the Hudson. The Fitchburg rail- 
road from Schuylerville to Saratoga and from there to Mechanicville , 
also the Hudson Valley electric road from Troy to Glens Falls along 
the eastern border. The Hudson, Fish Creek and Saratoga Lake, once 
the scenes of lively canoe trade are but little used, except for pleasure. 

The chief village is Schuylerville, population 1,529, situated in the 
easterly part at the mouth of Fish Creek. Victory Mills, a short dis- 
tance south of Schuylerville. Grangerville, Coveville, Quaker Springs 
and Dean's Corners, are its principal villages. 

The town is largely engaged in farming. There are paper mills at 
Schuylerville, and cotton fab ics are manufactured at Victory Mills. 

The Schuylerville High School and village grades are a credit to the 
town. The usual public schools are found in the town. 



SARATOGA SPRINGS 

Saratoga Springs is situated a little to the south of the centre of the 
County and contains 16,680 acres. Bound it. 

The surface is sandy and rolling. Saratoga lake has an altitude of 
204 feet and the Kayiderosseras flats of about 220. Its highest point is 
on the northwest corner, 393 feet. 

Saratoga lake and its outlet, Fish creek, forms the southeastern bor- 
der. Lake Lonely is the largest body of water wholly within its bor- 
der. The Kayaderosseras creek forms its southern boundary. Lough- 
berry lake lies partly in this town and partly in Wilton and is drained by 
Spring Bun brook, flowing southeasterly into Lake Lonely. Bog 
Meadow brook rises in the southern part of Wilton and flows south in- 
to Lake Lonely. Its largest stream, Ellis creek, rises in Greenfield and 
flows southeasterly into the Kayaderosseras. 

The history of this town is that of the village of the. same name — 
America's great summer resort. 

32 



In 1776 Samuel Norton constructed a rude logr hotel near High Rock 
spring. Amos Stafford settled at Stafford's Bridge, also John, Henry 
and Nicholas Wagman. In 1790, David Abell and Benjamin Avery 
settled on the west shore of Saratoga lake, while Robert Ellis built a 
saw mill at the Geysers in 1800 and a grist mill a few years later. 

The fame of the springs spread early thru a visit made by Sir William 
Johnson in August, 1707, led by his faithful Indian friends to whom 
"the Medicine Spring," High Bock, was well known. The cure effected 
by its water brought this spring into notice. 

General Schuyler cut a road from his country seat at Schuylerville, 
to the springs in 1783, for the purpose of enabling him to get to the 
springs, and the next year erected a frame house. He and his family 
passed a part of their summers here until his death and it was during 
his first summer here, 1783, that General Washington visited him in 
his tent. Alexander Bryan settled here in 1787 and opened a hotel for 
the public. But to Gideon Putnam the village owes its greatest debt 
as he was the founder of modern Saratoga Springs. Building Union 
Hall in 1800 and laying out streets and planning public parks he made 
it a worthy rival of the older Ballston Spa. Now with over twenty 
springs and magnificent hotels, its fame is world wide. 

The town was organized April 9, 1819, and has been the residence of 
many famous men among whom was Reuben Hyde Walworth, the 
"Last of the Chancellors," one of New York's greatest judges. 

With the Delaware & Hudson railroad from Albany north to White- 
hall and Montreal, the Fitchburg, Boston and Maine lessees, to Me- 
chanicville and Schuylerville. Also the Hudson Valley electric line 
from Troy to Glens Falls, it has ample communication for the thou- 
sands who yearly visit the springs. 

Saratoga Springs and the Geysers are its only villages. 

The soil being poor farming is not extensive. The care of the many 
thousands of summer visitors, bottling of water and carbonic acid 
gas, foundry and machine work are the chief occupations at Saratoga 
Springs. At the Geysers are bottled famous waters. 

Besides the common schools, the High schools and grades of Sara- 
toga Springs have long been famous as some of the best in the country. 
Besides its excellent school buildings the Town Hall, First National 
Bank, Citizens' National Bank and Adirondack Trust Company have 
substantial and elegant quarters. While its Convention Hall is one of 
the largest and best in America and has witnessed many stirring scenes 
in civil, political and fraternal life. But to its many and magnificent 
hotels much of its reputation is due. For here multitudes may find 
health from her springs, luxury and ease in her hostelries as in no 
other place in America. 



33 



STILLWATER 

Stillwater contains 24,740 acres. Bound it. 

It lies in the southeastern part of the County. The surface is some- 
what hilly and contains a part of the famous Bemis Heights,— (For 
what'?) in its northern part. Along the flats of the Hudson are ranges 
of bluffs varying from sixty to a hundred feet in height. While its 
highest point, about 600 feet, is northeasterly from Ketchum's Corners. 
At Bemis Heights we find an elevation of about 300 feet. In the north- 
western corner we find the famous Snake Hill, a bold promontory ex- 
tending into Saratoga lake, which touches the town at this point ; also 
the famous White Sulphur Spring. There are no streams of import- 
ance, but the Hudson at Stillwater village has always furnished abund- 
ance of power. The remarkable fertility of the clay soil has made it a 
favorite resort for man and beast from the earliest records. 

Colonel Peter Philip Schuyler built Fort Ingolclsby near the present 
village of Stillwater, in 1709. Doubtless there were some settlements 
earlier than 1750, but in that year Isaac Mann is recorded as having 
made a home here and many others followed. Over its surface passed 
nearly all of the armies whose history have been mentioned in the 
foregoing pages. 

The Champlain Canal from Albany to Whitehall follows the Hudson 
thru its eastern side, also a branch of the Hudson Valley electric road 
to Glens Falls and Saratoga. The Fitchburg railroad has a branch 
from Mechanicville to Stillwater and Boston; also from Stillwater to 
Saratoga Springs and connects with the Schuylerville branch at Schuy- 
ler Junction. This gives much ease and rapidity in moving freight, 
or travel. 

Its villages are Stillwater, population 923 ; Wayville, Ketchum's Cor- 
ners, Bemis Heights and Wilbur's Basin. 

This town is rich in its farm produce of butter, milk, beef, eggs 
corn, rye, oats, potatoes, apples, peaches, pears, grapes and garden 
truck. Besides the extensive paper mills at Stillwater and in the ex- 
treme southeastern corner, a part of the Mechanicville plants. 

The Stillwater High School and grades have long exerted an influence 
in this part of the County. Outside of the village are found good pub- 
lic schools. 



WATERFORD 

Waterford lies in the extreme southeast corner and is the smallest 
town having an area of seven square miles. Bound it. 

It is very little above sea level at the Hudson but attains an elevation 
of 300 feet in the northerly part and is mostly level and very fertile. 

34 



It has no large streams within its borders, but the Cohoes Falls in the 
Mohawk furnishes one of the finest water powers in the world. 

This was the first land occupied in the County. Being on the then 
only lines of travel to the west and north it occupied an important 
position in the history not only of the County but of the State and even 
the nation both in commerce and war. In fact Albany and Saratoga 
counties were keys to American success and British defeat. Their sons 
have ever been among the foremost in making possible and later in de- 
fending our banner — Old Glory. 

The first patent was given under the hand of Governor Dongan, 
May 31st, 1687, to Anthony Van Schaick and known as Halfmoon. At 
Halfmoon Point, now Waterford, the first permanent settlement was 
made by Colonel Jacobus Van Schoonhoven and others. Small manu- 
factures were begun here, but about 1831 Waterford became famous 
for the manufacture of fire engines. It was incorporated in 1801, as a 
village and was the first in the County, and as a town in 1816. 

The name is derived from the old ford which crossed from the main- 
land to Harve Island used by the Indians before the coming of the 
whites. It was not until 1804 that the Hudson was bridged, the open- 
ing of which was celebrated with much pomp, the governor being 
present. 

Besides the Hudson and Mohawk rivers it has the Champlain canaj 
and the Delaware and Hudson railroad, which makes transportation 
cheap and markets quite accessible. 

It has but one village, Waterford, 3,134 inhabitants, a stirring bus- 
iness place and largely engaged in manufacturing. 

The town is largely engaged in farming, while in the village of 
Waterford are manufactured knitted and textile goods. Its products 
have long been famous. 

The schools under the late Superintendent, A. Falconer, are well 
known in the State and are the outgrowth of the once famous Water- 
ford Academy. They consist of the Waterford High School and village 
grades. The usual district or public schools are found outside of the 
village. The Saratoga County Bank was incorporated May 29, 1830. 



WILTON 

Wilton contains 22,001 acres of land. Bound it. 

From the southern to about the central part the surface is rolling 
and broken by low ridges. The north and west contains masses of the 
Palmertown range of the Adirondacks, and its highest point in the 
town is Mt. McGregor, 1100 feet in altitude ; the lowest at the Hudson, 
153 feet. At the foot of the mountains is some good farming lands, but 
most of the town is yellow sand and sandy loam and not fertile. Per- 
ry's pond northwest of the center, and the Loughberry Lakes, in the 

35 



southwestern corner, partly in Saratoga Springs, are the principal bod- 
ies of water. The principal stream is Snook Kill, which rises in Green- 
field and flows northeasterly to near the northeast corner; thence thru 
the southeast corner of Moreau into the Hudson river. 

The first settlement was made by two brothers, William and Samuel 
Brisbin on the south branch of the Snook Kill. They made clearings, 
built a saw mill and cut roads, but abandoned their property at the be- 
ginning of the Revolution. In 1770 Rowland Perry and family settled 
near the mountains, but in 1781 and 1782 the town received many im- 
migrants. 

There was a battle fought during the Revolution near the old Stiles 
Tavern, west of Wilton village. Mt. McGregor was used as a signal 
station by the British, but most of the historic events of the County 
were enacted in other towns. Altho thru the town following an old 
Indian trail, ran the old highway from Schuylerville to Johnstown and 
the western settlements, both Indian and white. It is thought that an 
Indian village once existed near the foot of Mt. McGregor. 

"The region that now constitutes the town of Wilton was known in 
Colonial times as Palmertown. This name, tradition says was given it 
by a band of Indians who came there from the east sometime after 
King Phillip's war and settled at the base of the mountains somewhere 
in the Perry and Stiles neighborhood," near Wilton village. As Pal- 
mertown it became a place of considerable trade and importance, 
while what is now called Saratoga Springs was known as ' a deer lick ' 
in the woods, six miles south. During the Revolution two block-houses 
were built at Palmertown, in which sometimes troops were quartered, 
and in which the early settlers often sought shelter from the British and 
Canadian Indians. Early in the century, Palmertown was regarded 
as a more eligible place of settlement for business and professional 
men than Saratoga Springs. It was in Palmertown and its neighbor- 
hood that Dr. Johu H. Steel, Judge Esek Cowen and other distinguish- 
ed professional men first opened their offices and began their practice. 
With the early merchants of Palmertown the earliest settlers at Sara- 
toga Springs did most of their trading." 

The town was organized from Northumberland in 1817. 

Besides the public roads the town is crossed by the Delaware & Hud- 
son railroad from Albany north. It enters near the southwest corner 
and runs northeasterly, leaving the town north of the centre of its 
eastern line. The Hudson Valley electric line from Saratoga Springs 
to South Glens Falls runs from its southwestern corner thru the town 
to nearly the centre of its northern boundary. 

Wilton is its largest village. Emerson's Corners, southeast of Wil- 
ton, is another hamlet. 

The industries are exclusively agriculture, producing butter, milk, 
beef, poultry, eggs, rye, oats, corn, potatoes, apples and hay. 

The schools are the usual public schools of the State. 

36 



INDEX 



Topography 5 

History 7 

Outline for Study 14 

Conventional Signs 16 

TOWNS OF THE COUNTY 

Ballston IT 

Charlton 18 

Clifton Park 19 

Corinth 20 

Day '.... 21 

Edinburgh.. „ 22 

Galway 22 

Greenfield 23 

Hadley 24 

Halfmoon 25 

Malta ,.. 26 

Milton 27 

Moreau 28 

Northumberland 29 

Providence ..'. 30 

Saratoga - 31 

Saratoga Springs 32 

Stillwater 34 

TVaterf ord _ 34 

Wilton 35 

Outline Map of Saratoga County 




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